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The Machine Question is an independent research project exploring artificial intelligence through philosophy, technology and human cognition. Essays on intelligence, creativity and the evolving relationship between humans and machines.

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Cookies & Tracking Technologies

Cookie
Policy

How paolocalvi.co.uk uses cookies and similar technologies.

This Cookie Policy explains when paolocalvi.co.uk stores or accesses information on a visitor’s device, why those technologies are used and how choices concerning non-essential cookies and comparable tracking technologies can be managed.

Website paolocalvi.co.uk Editorial and research website
Data Controller Paolo Calvi Established in Italy
Consent management User controlled Non-essential technologies are subject to the applicable consent rules
Scope
  • Necessary
  • Analytics
  • Third parties
  • Consent

Core principle

Technologies that are not strictly necessary are not activated before consent where applicable law requires that consent.

Updated 21 August 2026

02 At a glance

What happens when you visit the website.

Some technologies are necessary for the website to function correctly. Others may be used for measurement or third-party content and are subject to the visitor’s consent where applicable law requires it.

01 / Necessary

Essential operation

Certain cookies or similar technologies may be required for basic website operation, security, consent management and other functions that cannot reasonably be provided without them.

02 / Analytics

Audience measurement

Analytics technologies may be used to understand how the website and its editorial content are accessed and used. Where prior consent is required, these technologies remain inactive until consent is given.

03 / Third parties

Embedded services

External media or services may introduce their own technologies when activated. Where required, content capable of initiating non-essential tracking is blocked until the relevant consent has been provided.

04 / Your choice

Consent can be changed

Where consent applies, visitors can accept or refuse optional technologies and may subsequently change or withdraw their preferences through the consent controls available on the website.

The distinction that matters

Necessary technologies support the website itself. Optional technologies serve additional purposes and are not treated as necessary merely because they may be useful.

03 Technologies

Cookies are only part of the picture.

The term “cookies” is commonly used as shorthand for a wider group of technologies that websites may use to store information, remember choices, provide functionality or understand how services are used. This Policy applies to cookies and comparable technologies where they perform equivalent functions.

01

Cookies

Cookies are small data files that a website or service may store on a visitor’s device. They can support functions such as maintaining preferences, preserving technical information or recognising a browser during a session or on a later visit.

02

Local storage

Browsers can store information locally through mechanisms other than conventional cookies. Such storage may be used by website components or external services to retain settings, technical states or other information required by a particular function.

03

Scripts and pixels

Scripts, pixels and comparable technical elements can allow website functions to operate or transmit information when a page is loaded or an action occurs. Depending on their purpose, they may be essential to a service or subject to consent before activation.

04

Embedded content

Video players, social content, external publications and other embedded resources may connect to third-party services. Those services may use their own technologies when the external content is loaded or activated.

Technology does not determine consent

Whether consent is required depends principally on the purpose and function of a technology, not simply on whether it is technically described as a cookie. Technologies that are strictly necessary for a service requested by the visitor are therefore treated differently from optional analytics, advertising or comparable technologies.

04 Categories

Not every technology is treated in the same way.

Cookies and comparable technologies are classified according to what they actually do. The decisive distinction is between technologies required to provide the website or a service requested by the visitor, and optional technologies used for additional purposes such as measurement, personalisation or marketing.

01

Strictly necessary

These technologies support functions required for the website to operate or for a service explicitly requested by the visitor. Examples may include security, network management, session continuity and the storage of privacy or consent preferences.

No prior consent
02

Functional

Functional technologies may remember choices or enable additional website features. Their treatment depends on whether the relevant function is technically necessary for a service requested by the visitor or represents an optional enhancement.

Depends on function
03

Analytics

Analytics technologies can provide information about website traffic, audience behaviour, page performance and the way editorial content is accessed. Where applicable law requires prior consent, analytics technologies are not activated until that consent has been obtained.

Consent where required
04

Marketing & tracking

Technologies used to profile interests, track visitors across websites or services, measure advertising activity or support personalised advertising are treated as optional technologies and are activated only where an appropriate legal basis and any required prior consent exist.

Prior consent
05

External media

Embedded video, audio, social-media elements or other external resources may communicate with third-party services when loaded. Where those services use non-essential storage or tracking, activation may be withheld until the visitor has made the appropriate consent choice.

Consent where required

Legal treatment

Consent is not inferred merely from visiting or continuing to browse the website. Where prior consent is legally required for storing information on, accessing information from, or otherwise tracking a visitor’s device, the relevant optional technology should remain inactive until a valid choice has been made. Refusing optional technologies does not prevent access to the ordinary editorial content of paolocalvi.co.uk.

United Kingdom

Cookie and similar-technology use is assessed under the applicable UK data-protection and electronic-communications framework.

European Union / EEA

EU data-protection rules and applicable national legislation implementing the ePrivacy framework are taken into account where they apply to a visitor or processing activity.

Processing in Italy

The website is operated by a Data Controller established in Italy, where the principal processing activities are carried out, subject to applicable Italian and European data-protection requirements.

05 Services & providers

First-party and third-party technologies.

Some technologies are controlled directly by the website, while others may be supplied by external providers whose services are integrated into a page. The provider, purpose and duration of a technology can therefore vary depending on the service concerned.

01 / First party

Website-controlled technologies

First-party cookies and similar technologies are set or controlled within the paolocalvi.co.uk environment. They may support essential functions such as security, consent preferences, session continuity or technical operation.

02 / Third party

External service providers

Third-party services may use their own cookies, scripts, storage or comparable technologies when their functionality is loaded. Depending on the service, the provider may act as a processor, independent controller or otherwise process information under its own privacy arrangements.

03 / Duration

Session and persistent storage

Some technologies exist only for the duration of a browsing session. Others remain on the device for a defined period or until deleted by the user. The appropriate retention period depends on the purpose of the technology and the configuration adopted by the relevant service.

Current cookie inventory

The detailed list of cookies and comparable technologies actually detected on the website — including provider, purpose, category and duration where available — is maintained through the website’s consent-management system. Because technologies can change when services are updated, this dynamic inventory should be regarded as the most current technical record of the cookies in use.

International processing

Where a third-party service processes personal data outside the European Economic Area or the United Kingdom, any resulting international transfer must rely on a mechanism permitted by the data-protection law applicable to that transfer. Further information about international transfers is provided in the Privacy Policy.

06 Control & contact

Your choices remain under your control.

Where cookies or similar technologies require consent, you may choose whether to allow them and may subsequently change or withdraw that choice. Necessary technologies remain available where they are required for the operation, security or delivery of the website.

Consent management

Change your cookie preferences at any time

Where a consent-management interface is available on this website, it allows you to review and modify your choices concerning non-essential cookies and similar technologies. Withdrawing consent does not affect the lawfulness of processing carried out before withdrawal.

Your preferences

Review your choices

Use the website’s cookie preference control to review, accept, reject or modify the categories available to you.

01 / Withdrawal

Consent can be withdrawn

Where processing is based on consent, that consent may be withdrawn at any time through the controls made available by the website. Withdrawal applies prospectively and does not invalidate processing that lawfully took place before the preference was changed.

02 / Browser controls

Your browser provides additional controls

Most browsers allow users to view, delete or restrict cookies through their settings. Browser-level controls operate independently from the consent choices provided by this website and may affect cookies already stored on the device. Blocking certain technologies may also affect website functionality.

03 / Privacy signals

Browser privacy signals

Browsers and devices may transmit privacy-related signals or preferences. Their technical implementation and legal effect can vary between jurisdictions, technologies and services. Where an applicable law requires a recognised signal to be honoured, the website’s processing arrangements should be configured accordingly.

04 / Updates

Changes to this Cookie Policy

This Cookie Policy may be revised when the website, the technologies it uses, its service providers or applicable legal requirements change. The version published on this page is the current version and the date of its latest revision is shown below.

Privacy & cookie enquiries

Questions about cookies or your choices?

Questions concerning cookies, similar technologies, consent preferences or the processing of personal data may be addressed directly to the Data Controller. For broader information concerning personal-data processing and applicable rights, please also refer to the website’s Privacy Policy.

Data protection contact privacy@paolocalvi.com

paolocalvi.co.uk / Cookie Policy

Data Controller: Paolo Calvi · Processing primarily carried out in Italy

Last updated 21 August 2026

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